Overcoming Obstacles in Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry #3 - Biblical Objections Part C 
This set of blogs revisits and updates a series of articles that address common obstacles faced by many Local Church Sports & Recreation Ministers.  The articles first appeared in CSRM’s Journal “The Sports Minister” and were originally written by Sports Ministry Pioneer Rodger Oswald and appear here in edited excerpts.  The end goal of the series is to help identify, define and explain various obstacles faced by Local Church Sports Outreach Ministers
 
Review
Local Church Sports Ministers commonly encounter six Biblically-based arguments against a church sponsoring a Sports Outreach Ministry.  The first two (Interpretation of 1 Timothy 4.6-8 & Purity Issues) were addressed in the first blog in this series, and the second set of two (Idolatry & Sunday Sport Issues) were evaluated in the second blog.  There are yet two more commonly-raised, Biblically-based objections to a Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry.
 
“Stumbling Block” Issues
Some people raise the legitimate Biblically-based concern known as the “stumbling block” issue.  In other words, because sports and recreation does have the potential for sinful behavior such as idolatry, anger that leads to wrath, pride, etc., a church should not sponsor sports “for the sake of causing the weaker brother to stumble.”  The problem with this logic is that this principle is being applied on too broad a basis.  It is not that there should not be a sports ministry, but that the weaker brother should be discouraged from being involved “IF” he will be negatively affected by participating.  A perfect example is the golfer who cannot control his emotions when he plays poorly.  It doesn’t mean the church cannot have a golf league or tournament, but it does mean the Christian golfer who cannot control his emotions should not participate until he becomes more sanctified in his behavior while playing golf.  I also have a problem when the mature Christian (who does not like Sports Ministry) tries to use this principle.  Remember the stumbling block issue is for the weaker brother, not for the mature Christian who is trying to assert his or her opinion.
 
Non-Christian Environment
One final Biblically-based objection many Local Church Sports Ministers encounter has to do with people in their church viewing the sporting environment as a pagan or “non-Christian” environment – one to be avoided because of the association with unsavory people.  The problem with this logic is that it is contradictory to the very prayer of Jesus to the Father in John 17, when Jesus told the Father that He was sending “us” into the world.  This was not a geographic world, but a world system that, down the corridors of time, came to include sport.  We must remember that Jesus was criticized for dining with “publicans and sinners.”  In other words He went where the sinners were.  He didn’t avoid them.  Even Paul told us the sinners to avoid were not those in the world – “else you would have to leave the earth,” but the unrepentant and habitually sinning believer (I Corinthians 5.9,10).  The strongest argument against this sort of logic is to ask the question: “Where is light the most obvious?”  In the darkness of course.
 
Summary of the Six Biblically-based Objections to Local Church Sports Ministry
The bottom line is there really is no solid biblical or theological prohibition of sports and recreation.  As long as we participate in a way that does not violate righteousness and we participate in order to glorify God, I don’t believe God has a problem with church sports.
 
[CSRM provides many other resources for further reflection on the Biblical-basis for Sports Outreach Ministry including many archived blogs (http://www.csrm.org/blog); archived webinars (http://www.csrm.org/webinars.html) and Dr. Linville’s book – “Christmanship: A Theology of Competition & Sport” - which can be ordered at - http://www.csrm.org/store/c4/BOOKS.html]
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Next week’s blog will continue the series on Obstacles to Sports Outreach by discussing Philosophical Objections
 
This blog is an edited excerpt an article by Rodger Oswald originally published in “The Sports Minister” Journal – Spring 2000.  All rights reserved.  For any reproduction right, including copying, computer reproduction, etc. contact:
Dr. Greg Linville at CSRM International C/O The World Outreach Center 5350 Broadmoor Circle N. W. Canton, Ohio – USA 44709 or glinville@csrm.org
 
Other blogs and articles on Local Church Sports, sports theology and ethics written by Dr. Greg Linville and Rodger Oswald are archived at: www.csrm.org

 
Overcoming Obstacles in Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry #1 - Biblical Objections  Part B
This set of blogs revisits and updates a series of articles that address common obstacles faced by many Local Church Sports & Recreation Ministers.  The articles first appeared in CSRM’s Journal “The Sports Minister” and were originally written by Sports Ministry Pioneer Rodger Oswald and appear here in edited excerpts.  The end goal of the series is to help identify, define and explain various obstacles faced by Local Church Sports Outreach Ministers
 
Review
Local Church Sports Ministers commonly encounter six Biblically-based arguments against a church sponsoring a Sports Outreach Ministry.  The first two were addressed in the first blog in this series on overcoming obstacles.  This blog will evaluate the second set of two: a) idolatrous activity; and b) Sunday Sport.
 
Idolatrous Activities
While most would agree there is potential for idolatry in sports, it should be remembered this potential exists for any human endeavor…even preaching!  Indeed making an idol of sport is to be avoided but this potential should not override what Biblically-based sport can do.  For example, one of the key values of a Local Church Sports Ministry is that you can help people understand and live out what Colossians 3.23 admonishes: that all areas of life are to be lived to the glory of God, not man.  It has been said that the difficult things in life provide the opportunity to teach and to be taught and so even the difficult times experienced through sport can be opportunities for learning and growth.  Thus, Sports Ministry gives the opportunity for deeper discipleship and even teach how to avoid idolatry.
 
Sunday Sport Issues
A very strong argument that usually arises from pastors is that sports often take place on Sunday, and thus is a detriment to the church.  First, the condemnation of sports, because of this objection, needs to be clarified.  We must differentiate between professional and/or amateur sports.  Professional sportsmen do not get to determine their schedule.  Sport is their job, and their work schedule is determined by the league, team owners and coaches.  I’m not sure too many of us would object to a fireman working on Sunday…especially if our house was on fire.  I’m not sure too many of us would object if a cardiac surgeon worked on Sunday…especially if we suffered cardiac arrest.  Having said that, I do believe that the professional athlete who is a Christian is obligated to observe the Lord’s Day.  If he or she cannot do that on Sunday, then they are to identify another day to honor God.
 
I agree the amateur athlete belongs in church on Sunday (Hebrews 10.24,25), but with one exception.  Should your church develop a Sports Ministry that includes evangelistic ministry teams (such as a jail/prison outreach), you might find those whom you are ministering to will determine when to come…and that just might be on a Sunday.  The question, then, is should we “go to church” or should we “be the church?”  Ultimately, we need to ask: What would Jesus do? 
 
[Two recommendations for those interested in a deeper examination of the Lord’s Day and Sunday Sport issues would be to review many archived blogs on the CSRM and also to read the chapter dedicated to Lord’s Day Issues in Dr. Linville’s book – “Christmanship” which can be ordered at - http://www.csrm.org/store/c4/BOOKS.html]
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Next week’s blog will discuss the third set of Biblical Obstacles to Sports Outreach: Stumbling Block Issues and Sports as Pagan Activities
 
This blog is an edited excerpt an article by Rodger Oswald originally published in “The Sports Minister” Journal – Spring 2000.  All rights reserved.  For any reproduction right, including copying, computer reproduction, etc. contact:
Dr. Greg Linville at CSRM International C/O The World Outreach Center 5350 Broadmoor Circle N. W. Canton, Ohio – USA 44709 or glinville@csrm.org
 
Other blogs and articles on Local Church Sports, sports theology and ethics written by Dr. Greg Linville and Rodger Oswald are archived at: www.csrm.org

How can I as an athlete justify my sporting endeavors when I Timothy 4.8 reads: “exercise is of little value?”
 
Yes, I Timothy 4.8 is often translated to say physical exercise (and by implication, sports and athletics) is of little value and sadly this verse is often used to deter people from engaging in physical activity such as sports and athletics.  Yet to use this verse to condemn or even criticize athletics demonstrates a lack of understanding of how to interpret the Bible (hermeneutics), including a classical error of basing one's interpretation on a poor translation.  All good Biblical interpretation begins with a translation faithful to the orthodox traditions of hermeneutics.  To that end, the following discussion begins with establishing the best possible translation of this verse.  It continues with an exegesis of the verse and its context, including the requisite implications and applications the passage suggests.  The result provides a reasonable assessment for athletes in regards to their involvement in athletics and whether or not their “physical exercise profiteth little.”  Taken in its entirety, the following discussion helps to substantiate the third principle for establishing a Biblical defense for sport and athletics.  It begins with an overview of the context in which verse eight is found.
 
A.            Context
 
Paul wrote two letters to his protégé, Timothy, who he had assigned as the leader (bishop) of the Ephesian church.  The first epistle written to Timothy outlined directives for how the Ephesian church was to be organized, how leaders were to be chosen and developed, as well as how individual church members were to attain “godliness.”  In this specific passage, found in chapter 4 of the first letter to Timothy, Paul is outlining obstacles to the spiritual growth necessary for attaining godliness.  Verses seven and eight were given as a model to help overcome such obstacles.  The specific model the Holy Spirit inspired Paul to articulate was an athletic one!  The significance of this must not be overlooked or undervalued.  Paul was inspired to urge first century Ephesian Christians to pursue godliness as an athlete pursued physical prowess.  By extension, the model proposed to those in the early church is applicable for believers in all subsequent generations.
 
B. Which Translation
 
The athletic model of 1Timothy 4.7 and 8 is easier to comprehend in the original Greek than how it is often translated into English, such as the King James Version’s (KJV): “physical exercise profiteth little.”  Verses seven and eight are rooted by three Greek words, each used twice.  The first, gymnasia is translated “exercise,” and is found in both verses.  It comes from the root word: gymnazo (gymnasium) which means to exercise or train as would an athlete.  In verse seven this word is in the imperative, directing the Ephesians to engage in rigorous exercise and be diligent in their pursuit of godliness.  In verse eight, the same word for exercise is used when comparing athletic endeavors to seeking to attain godliness.
  The second word, also found in both verses, is eusebeian - translated devoutness or godliness. The implication of verse seven is the Ephesian believers were to train (gymnazo) for this godliness (eusebeian) with the same dedication as athletes who trained for the arena.
  The third Greek word ophelimos – translated beneficial – is found only in verse eight but used twice to bring clarity to the overall message of the passage.  It states the purpose of all exercising and training: a “beneficial” end.  Training for the physical (somatike – bodily) is beneficial for a few things (oligon) but training for godliness is beneficial for all things (panta).
  So, how have the various renditions of these verses been translated in regards to the value of physical exercise? The following examples are representatives of the three categories of traditional renderings:
 
             Little value (profiteth little – KJV)
             Less value (limited – Philips)
             Some value (NIV)
 
  There is an obvious disparity between these three.  The first translation makes a negative evaluation: physical activity should not be engaged in because it has little intrinsic value. This suggests bodily exercise and athletics are negative or even sinful.  At the very least, they are held in low regard.  The second view, while a step in the right direction, does not hold physical activity with the same high esteem generally affirmed throughout the Bible, nor does it fit with the basic context and message of this passage.  The first translation assumes physical exercise is evil and the second translation errs by not fully appreciating the intrinsic value of physical endeavors.  Both should be rejected in favor of the third option.
  The third translation does the best job of comprehending the immediate context while also affirming the entire Biblical perspective on sport.  It appropriately renders a textual option affirming physical activity and its intrinsic value.  Yet, it does so without erring in ascribing physical exercise a higher value than is Biblically prescribed.  The first two options are antithetical to the context but the third is congruent with it.  So, the proper translation should be “of some value,” not of “little” or “limited value.”  It could be argued there is only a slight difference between “limited value” and “some value” but the latter is preferred because it states an affirmative whereas the former emphasizes the negative.
  The significance of this point is made even more poignant when one realizes that while the Apostle Paul was the human writer of the epistles to his “son in the faith,” the true author of the Epistle was the Holy Spirit who intended the letter and its lessons to be a model for all future generations.  He inspired Paul to specifically use an athletic term within an athletic motif and context to communicate both the implicit lesson: physical activity is beneficial for some things along with the explicit lesson: godliness is beneficial for all things.
  Therefore, when context is considered, this verse cannot be interpreted to indicate the realm of sports and athletics are to be avoided, thought poorly of, or even more disturbing, devoid of virtue. The true message of this passage is a direct command to be actively, regularly and sincerely working hard to develop godliness, emulating athletes who work to better themselves physically.  If verse seven was eliminated, verse eight would be translated quite differently. The problem of removing verse eight from its context, especially verse seven, becomes apparent.  A completely antithetical interpretation is made when the verse is lifted from its context.  It becomes even more apparent when isolated from the rest of the Bible.
  So, a proper translation as found in the NIV and ESV ensures a proper hermeneutic (Biblical interpretation) and provides a solid foundation from which to base the following exegesis.  Properly understood and rendered the verse should read: "bodily training is of some value" (ESV); "training your body helps you in some ways" (New Century Bible) or "workouts in the gymnasium are useful" (The Message).
 
C.            Biblical A Priori:
 
A second basic underlying principle of Biblical interpretation is to allow Scripture to interpret itself by comparing and using other relevant Scriptures to shed light on the passage in question.  As it relates to sport and athletics, the overwhelming Biblical evidence concerning sport is positive and thus would support the translation: “bodily training is of some value.”
What does the Bible state about athletics?  First and perhaps foremost, the Scripture never condemns sport, athletics or physical activity.  Secondly, every time the Bible mentions or references athletics it does so in a positive light.  The most profound example of this is the Holy Spirit inspiring the Apostle Paul to use an athletic metaphor to summarize his life.   It is inconceivable to believe God would inspire such a metaphor to describe the life of the most important, the most spiritually influential person, within the entire New Testament outside of Christ Himself or perhaps Barnabas, if the metaphor was intrinsically or inherently evil.   Suffice it to say, athletics are treated favorably in Scripture.
Even more profound however, is not so much what this verse is not saying, as what it is saying.  It places an intrinsic value upon physical activity by clearly stating it is of some value.  This statement is in agreement with the overall Biblical view of sport and its perspective of the human body as found in the Corinthian correspondence and elsewhere.
 To summarize then, this brief overview of the Biblical a priori on sport and athletics supports the third option of interpretation: “some value.”  The first option of interpretation – “little value” does an injustice to the overall Biblical view (Biblical a priori) of physical activity and sport.  The second interpretation “less or limited value” is a step in the right direction but still communicates the negative rather than the positive and thus doesn’t square with the overall message of the Bible.  The best interpretation by far, is the third option because it is congruent with the rest of Scripture.  The third option emphasizes the positives of physical activity while accurately upholding God’s intent to maintain spiritual activity as the highest, all-encompassing value.
 So once again, rather than interpreting this verse as a support for denigrating athletics, this passage is in complete agreement with the rest of Scripture.  It actually lifts athletic training and physical exercise up as great examples of a most beneficial model for spiritual growth!  Followers of Christ are encouraged to approach their spirituality as would athletes their sporting endeavors: consistently, energetically and under the direction of a knowledgeable trainer.  Certainly, Paul places spiritual development as the highest priority in a Christian’s life but any interpretation attempting to use this passage to state athletics as non-valuable, demonstrates a revealing bias and true lack of how to approach and interpret the whole of Scripture.
 
D.            Biblical Comparison
 
A third aid in interpreting this passage comes from the Biblical technique of comparison.  A good example of how to establish the meaning of a verse through the technique of comparison is Luke 14.26.  Jesus’ teaching about hating one’s family members, at first blush, seems harsh and even unbiblical.  Indeed, at face value, it is.  However, when understood through the lens of Biblical comparison, Jesus’ command for His followers to “hate” their parents and siblings make sense.  He wasn’t saying His followers were to conjure up passionate negative emotions or engage in hurtful actions towards family members.  Rather He was teaching one’s love for God should be so passionate it would seem, by comparison, the person hated his or her family. Furthermore, Jesus demonstratively loved His family and He taught loving one’s family was imperative.  Similarly, Paul uses the same teaching technique: comparison.  By comparison, Paul wrote Spiritual activity is beneficial for all things, whereas physical activity is beneficial for a few things.  This is quite different than saying it is of no value or “profiteth nothing.”
 
E.            Summary of Biblical Interpretation of 1 Timothy 4.8
 
After a careful analysis, the true essence of this passage emerges: 1Timothy 4.8 affirms physical exercise.  However, this passage cannot be used to suggest physical activity should be the highest priority or noblest virtue of a believer.  Physical exercise is beneficial for some things but godliness is beneficial for all things.  The strongest criticism anyone wishing to denigrate athletic endeavors can offer from this verse would be to use it as a safeguard to keep athletics and sports in check.  This appropriate caution would help to maintain a proper perspective about sporting activities by insisting physical activity be kept in its rightful place as being important but never superseding spiritual endeavors.  Furthermore, and perhaps even more profoundly, efforts to attain godliness can be enhanced if they emulate athletic training!  For example, a consistent and fervent training program supervised under the watchful eye of a qualified “coach” will greatly advance one’s pursuit of godliness.
Thus, once again for emphasis, this passage cannot be used to denigrate sport or to discourage participation in athletics by stating the Bible condemns sporting endeavors. The Biblical perspective is clear: physical activities are of some value, but spiritual activities are to be valued above all others.  Of course this then begs the question: can physical activities be separated from spiritual endeavors?  Or perhaps more to the point: can people worship God through their physical activities? This frequently asked question will be addressed in the FAQ chapter; chapter eight.__________________________________________

Next week’s blog will discuss the second set of Biblical Obstacles to Sports Outreach
 
This blog is an excerpt from Dr. Greg Linville's new book "Christmanship: A Theology of Competition & Sport."  It is a companion blog of an edited article by Rodger Oswald originally published in “The Sports Minister” Journal – Spring 2000 and the two should be read in tandem.

All rights reserved.  For any reproduction right, including copying, computer reproduction, etc. contact: Dr. Greg Linville at CSRM International C/O The World Outreach Center 5350 Broadmoor Circle N. W. Canton, Ohio – USA 44709 or glinville@csrm.org
 
Other blogs and articles on Local Church Sports, sports theology and ethics written by Dr. Greg Linville and Rodger Oswald are archived at: www.csrm.org

Overcoming Obstacles in Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry #1 - Biblical Objections  Part A
This set of blogs revisits and updates a series of articles that address common obstacles faced by many Local Church Sports & Recreation Ministers.  The articles first appeared in CSRM’s Journal “The Sports Minister” and were originally written by Sports Ministry Pioneer Rodger Oswald and appear here in edited excerpts.  The end goal of the series is to help identify, define and explain various obstacles faced by Local Church Sports Outreach Ministers
 
Overview
As churches attempt to launch a Sports and Recreation Ministry, the effort often meets with resistance.  Sometimes it’s a reluctant pastor, sometimes a suspicious leadership, and sometimes “turf-minded” staff.  Usually, the obstacles raised fall into three specific categories: Biblical, Philosophical and Practical.  The following blogs will examine each of these three obstacles and their sub-points.  It is important to address these obstacles because Sports and Recreation Ministry can contribute significantly to the “evangelistic-disciplemaking” endeavors of The Church.
 
Biblical Arguments
There are six common biblical arguments often raised to resist initiating a Sports and Recreation Ministry in a local church: a) I Timothy 4.8; b) concerns about purity; c) idolatry; d) Sunday sport; e) stumbling block issues; and f) promoting a non-Christian environment.  This blog discusses the first two concerns.
 
1 Timothy 4.8 – “Physical Training is of Little Value”
On occasion the challenge to sports based ministry has been based upon 1 Timothy 4.8.  Those using this verse say physical activity should be avoided, and therefore sports would be equally indicted.  The problem with this conclusion is that it represents very poor exegesis.  1 Timothy 4.8 is not an attack on sports or on physical activity. The Apostle Paul is exhorting Timothy to maintain proper priorities in his life.  Timothy is pastoring a church in Ephesus – which by the way – is just across the sea from Greece where an inordinate emphasis is placed on the body.  The exhortation is that Timothy is to prioritize spiritual discipline over physical discipline.  Paul does not say physical discipline (i.e., physical activity) has no profit/benefit, but rather that spiritual discipline has both temporal and eternal value.  Therefore, it should be prioritized.  I don’t believe any Sports Minister has a problem with that.  While agreeing, it does not preclude Sports Ministry being a part of a church’s ministry.  [See the parallel blog written by Dr. Greg Linville on the exegesis of 1Timothy 4.6-8 - and/or his book “Christmanship” for an extended discussion on this passage and topic.  The book can be ordered at: http://www.csrm.org/store/c4/BOOKS.html]
 
Purity Concerns
Sometimes passages are cited that deal with purity in life and the avoidance of sin with the conclusion that one should avoid sports.  The problem, however, is not sports, but one’s actions or attitudes while participating in sport.  Of course, the same could be true of any activity, and thus this principle should not be applied exclusively to sports or recreation.  In fact, one must define SIN before condemning sports and recreation.  Again, it is not the activity itself, but one’s reasons for involvement, one’s actions while involved, and one’s attitudes during and after involvement that will determine sinfulness.  A sport, a game or just exercise cannot be described as sinful based on a biblical definition of sin.  All of these are quite neutral and, therefore, should not be “disqualified” from church ministry.
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Next week’s blog will discuss the second set of Biblical Obstacles to Sports Outreach
 
This blog is an edited excerpt an article by Rodger Oswald originally published in “The Sports Minister” Journal – Spring 2000.  All rights reserved.  For any reproduction right, including copying, computer reproduction, etc. contact:
Dr. Greg Linville at CSRM International C/O The World Outreach Center 5350 Broadmoor Circle N. W. Canton, Ohio – USA 44709 or glinville@csrm.org
 
Other blogs and articles on Local Church Sports, sports theology and ethics written by Dr. Greg Linville and Rodger Oswald are archived at: www.csrm.org

Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry Syndromes #5 – When do you Work
This set of blogs revisits and updates a series of articles that address common obstacles faced by many Local Church Sports & Recreation Ministers.  The articles first appeared in CSRM’s Journal “The Sports Minister” and were excerpts from Dr. Linville’s Manual: “Initiating A Sports Ministry in the Local Church.”  The end goal of the series is to help identify, define and explain various “syndromes” that can short circuit a successful and effective Sports Outreach in a Local Church.
 
The “Just When Do You Work Syndrome”
The elder’s wife came into the Sports Ministry office scowling.  She completely ignored my pleasant greeting and countered with: “Just when do you work?  I’ve been here the last three mornings and you’re never here.”
 
A Sports Minister’s Hours
By necessity a Sports and Recreation Ministry takes place during hours people are free from work and school commitments.  Most can participate in leisure pursuits during late afternoons, evenings and weekends.  Therefore, most Sports Ministers must work hours closely mirroring those times.  A congregation’s Sports Minister’s day normally starts in mid-afternoon and doesn’t often end much before midnight.  In addition, they work 12-16 hours on Saturday along with bearing different ministry responsibilities each Lord’s Day.  By comparison, most other church staff members work a more typical 8-5 schedule, Monday through Friday, and have Saturdays off.  This divergent schedule often stresses communication amongst staff, forcing staff members to work extra hard to communicate.  Church staffs are encouraged to remember when planning staff and church meetings for early mornings that most Sports Ministry staff members have just gone to be a few hours before.
 
Other Schedule Conflicts
Another overlooked aspect of schedule differences is when to schedule whole-church business meetings, retreats and special events.  Most of these meetings are conducted during prime ministry time for a Sports Minister.  Most churches would never consider scheduling a business meeting at a time when the Sr. Pastor could not attend, or have to curtail his ministry to attend, yet in most cases, churches schedule such meetings at times that are in direct conflict with Sports Ministry activities.  For the Sports Minister conducting a church meeting at 7:00 PM on a Thursday evening is akin to scheduling it for a Senior Pastor at 11:00 AM Sunday morning! 
 
What’s a Sports Minister To Do?

• Actively demonstrating grace is key!  Most churches don’t understand just how unique a Sports Outreach Ministry schedule is.  Sports Ministers who lovingly and patiently communicate the stress they often experience, will usually find receptive hearts and willing spirits from peers and supervisors alike.  It’s rare for these dilemmas not to be resolved in mutually beneficial ways when they are approached in positive, proactive ways.  The end result is a positive ministry environment for all.
  
• Refrain from attacking others and especially work hard to eliminate any “we-they” polarizations.  Seek to create positive environments for all to envision and live out mutually satisfactory integration of the Sports Outreach into the overall Vision/Mission/Strategies of the church.
  

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Next week’s blog will start a series on overcoming obstacles in Local Church Sports Outreach Ministry 
 
This blog is an excerpt from Dr. Linville's Manual - Initiating a Sports Ministry in the Local Church reproduced in “The Sports Minister” – Spring 2000.  All rights reserved.  For any reproduction right, including copying, computer reproduction, etc. contact:
Dr. Greg Linville at CSRM International C/O The World Outreach Center 5350 Broadmoor Circle N. W. Canton, Ohio – USA 44709 or glinville@csrm.org
 
Other blogs and articles on Local Church Sports, sports theology and ethics written by Dr. Greg Linville are archived at: www.csrm.org